Saturday, August 26, 2017









"Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered: let them also that hate him flee before him.
As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God.

But let the righteous be glad; let them rejoice before God: yea, let them exceedingly rejoice.
Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him.

A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows, is God in his holy habitation.
God setteth the solitary in families: he bringeth out those which are bound with chains: but the rebellious dwell in a dry land." 
(Psalm 68:1-6).

 

There are no propper words to describe certain things in life. Especially those vibrations / frequencies that we absorb not necessarily through our eyes but mainly through our other senses through listening, feeling, smelling and especially through our third eye, the inner IHI, the replica of the Holy of Holies (i.e. the Ark of the Covenant also known as ZION) within our / JAH Temple. While the letter is referring to our human body (consistant of flesh, skin, bones, blood, water etc.), the former is referring to the spiritual dimensions within our human nature. Spirituality is what in-spirits our material form of existence. Spirituality is what gives our life a vision and a direction where to go and what to do. Especially in ruff times when it seems like there is no light at the end of the tunnel and no one to turn to in times of crises. It is the Great Spirit of Life, the very essence, center and fountain of all forms of life (from the spiritual to the material) that is always there for us to give us a helping hand and a place of refuge. 


"Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty."(2 Corinthians 3:17). His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie the First stated it as following on January 19th, 1951 (http://chronological-speeches-of-him-qhs.blogspot.de/2015/01/1901-1-speech-of-day-on-nomination-of.html): 

"Spiritual power is the eternal guide, in this life and the life after, for man ranks supreme among all creatures. Led forward by spiritual power, man can reach the summit destined for him by the Great Creator."

To reach this summit which is destined for us by our Great Creator we are therefore depending on this eternal guide (i.e. Spiritual power). Every single one of the whole human family has his personal gifts and talents and his own very purpose of existence, whether they are known and developed or still waiting to be explored and strengthened. His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie The First teaches us the immeasurable value of education which “has no limitations and no boundaries” (http://chronological-speeches-of-him-qhs.blogspot.de/2015/01/1501-2-speech-of-day-naval-college.html). There is always something new to experience and to explore with the main aim of utilizing it for the common benefit and well-being of the (global) human community. 

Throughout history there are numerous of examples of human beings who did not develop their gifts and abilities for the common welfare of the larger human race, but where driven through evil spirits to harmful evil deeds, which instead of playing their rightful part within the human family and therefore to support it`s spiritual and physical wellbeing, aiming to follow their own personal interests, contradicting the rightful order of equal human rights and social justice. His Imperial Majesty Eperor Haile Selassie The First put it with the following words:

“Throughout history, it has been the inaction of those who could have acted; the indifference of those who should have known better; the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered most; that has made it possible for evil to triumph.”

We all know about the atrocities human beings proved themselves able to commit. We all know through personal experiences that human beings are able to behave (as it is said) so very unhuman. So without generalizing we can say that there are two sides, whether it is right and good, or it is wrong and bad. Human beings were given the ability to decide freely. This fact on one side is a very great blessing as it allows us to measure out for ourselves what is best for us and from a social perspective what is at the same time best for our fellows and at the same time what should be avoided is it is not of any good value. On the other side it bears the danger of the abuse of this great power wich lays within this freedom of decision. It is violated if it is directed towards egoistic benefits of single individuals or single groups if they are gained upon the disadvantage of others and therefore against the common good and wellbeing. His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie The First made the following Speech at the World Evangelical Congress 1966 in Berlin, underlining this very fact of reality:


In these modern days, there are a multitude of things published in print and broadcast by radio which captivate the human mind and spirit; many new ideas are disseminated by the learned. Many wonderful appliances are produced to make life more and more comfortable. The rich powers have passed on from exploring and exploiting this earth and are vying with each other to explore and conquer the moon and the planets. Knowledge is increasing in a bewildering manner. All this is good, wonderful and praiseworthy. But what will be the end of it all? It is Our firm belief that only what the Lord wills will be done. We should be careful that the results thus achieved by mankind should not meet with the fate of the Tower of Babel, the handwork of those people of old which came to pieces in their hands. The Apostle Paul says: "The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God" and "The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise and they are vain." The reason for this is because generally speaking man makes himself and his wisdom the beginning and the end of his aim in life, and we are convinced that the end of this is destruction and death.


Our Lord Jesus Christ says: "What has a man profited if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul?" Why did the effort of those who tried to build the Tower of Babel come to nothing? Was it not because they tried to live apart from their Creator, and because, vaunting themselves in their wisdom, they tried to build a tower whose top was to reach unto heaven and thus make a name for themselves? It is Our conviction that all the activities of the children of men which are not guided by the Spirit and counsel of God will bear no lasting fruit, they will not be acceptable in the sight of the Lord and will therefore come to nought as the Tower of Babel came to nought. […] However wise or however mighty a person may be, he is like a ship without a rudder if he is without God. A rudderless ship is at the mercy of the waves and the wind, drifts wherever they take it and if there arises a whirlwind it is smashed against the rocks and becomes as if it has never existed. It is our firm belief that a soul without Christ is bound to meet with no better fate.”

Christ, God, the (Holy) Spirit, which form together the Holy Trinity (Kidus Selassie) is therefore so very essential and necessary for our human nature and nature in a whole to exist, that we cannot miss HIM. Every single one of us has a great responsibility towards ourselves and each other. If we cannot find ways and means to live together in peace and unity what will be the end of it all? All those familiar with the words and teachings of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie know the answer very clear and straight. This is NOT A JOKE THING. This is LIFE in it`s realest form, as real as (e.g.) the second world war was and still is real!! This topic is o great concern to all of us regardless of sex, colour, race or creed!!! This topic is „BEYOND “any denominations human beings might be able to be categorized in!!!

On this point it would be suitable to go further into this direction, as there is so much more to say and mention concerning the very danger of human existence, which His Imperial Majesty taught us is, together with international morality, at stake. His Imperial Majesty started His appeal to the United Nations on the 4th of October 1963 with the following words:

Mr. President, Distinguished Delegates:
Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the Fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936.

Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best - perhaps the last - hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.
In 1936, I declared that it was not the Covenant of the League that was at stake, but international morality. Undertakings, I said then, are of little worth if the will to keep them is lacking.

 The Charter of the United Nations expresses the noblest aspirations of man: abjuration of force in the settlement of disputes between states; the assurance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion; the safeguarding of international peace and security.

But these, too, as were the phrases of the Covenant, are only words; their value depends wholly on our will to observe and honor them and give them content and meaning.

The preservation of peace and the guaranteeing of man's basic freedoms and rights require courage and eternal vigilance: courage to speak and act - and if necessary, to suffer and die - for truth and justice; eternal vigilance, that the least transgression of international morality shall not go undetected and unremedied. These lessons must be learned anew by each succeeding generation, and that generation is fortunate indeed which learns from other than its own bitter experience. This Organization and each of its members bear a crushing and awesome responsibility: to absorb the wisdom of history and to apply it to the problems of the present, in order that future generations may be born, and live, and die, in peace. […]

But each one of us here knows that what has been accomplished is not enough. The United Nations judgments have been and continue to be subject to frustration, as individual member-states have ignored its pronouncements and disregarded its recommendations. The Organization's sinews have been weakened, as member-states have shirked their obligations to it. The authority of the Organization has been mocked, as individual member-states have proceeded, in violation of its commands, to pursue their own aims and ends. The troubles which continue to plague us virtually all arise among member states of the Organization, but the Organization remains impotent to enforce acceptable solutions. As the maker and enforcer of the international law, what the United Nations has achieved still falls regrettably short of our goal of an international community of nations.

This does not mean that the United Nations has failed. I have lived too long to cherish many illusions about the essential high-mindedness of men when brought into stark confrontation with the issue of control over their security, and their property interests. Not even now, when so much is at hazard would many nations willingly entrust their destinies to other hands.
Yet, this is the ultimatum presented to us: secure the conditions whereby men will entrust their security to a larger entity, or risk annihilation; persuade men that their salvation rests in the subordination of national and local interests to the interests of humanity, or endanger man's future. These are the objectives, yesterday unobtainable, today essential, which we must labor to achieve.
Until this is accomplished, mankind's future remains hazardous and permanent peace a matter for speculation. There is no single magic formula, no one simple step, no words, whether written into the Organization's Charter or into a treaty between states, which can automatically guarantee to us what we seek. Peace is a day-to-day problem, the product of a multitude of events and judgments. Peace is not an "is", it is a "becoming." We cannot escape the dreadful possibility of catastrophe by miscalculation. But we can reach the right decisions on the myriad subordinate problems which each new day poses, and we can thereby make our contribution and perhaps the most that can be reasonably expected of us in 1963 to the preservation of peace.”


These words clearly show us the unavoidable necessity of collective security and unity within the human community. It is a decision every single one of us has to do for ourselves. There are only two options. Whether right or wrong. Let us give each other a helping hand on this straight and narrow path to this summit (we all are longing for to reach intrinsically so very much), which is destined for us by our Great Creator.


His Imperial Majesty continues His Speech to the UN in mentioning two particular issues 
which are of deep concern to all men: disarmament and the establishment of true equality among men.” 


“Disarmament is vital today, quite simply, because of the immense destructive capacity of which men dispose.”


“When we talk of the equality of man, we find, also, a challenge and an opportunity; a challenge to breathe new life into the ideals enshrined in the Charter, an opportunity to bring men closer to freedom and true equality and thus, closer to a love of peace.

The goal of the equality of man which we seek is the antithesis of the exploitation of one people by another with which the pages of history and in particular those written of the African and Asian continents, speak at such length.
Exploitation, thus viewed, has many faces. But whatever guise it assumes, this evil is to be shunned where it does not exist and crushed where it does. It is the sacred duty of this Organization to ensure that the dream of equality is finally realized for all men to whom it is still denied, to guarantee that exploitation is not reincarnated in other forms in places whence it has already been banished.”
What follows then in His Imperial Majesties Speech to the UN is the very famous part which Bob Marley used in his “War” song:


“Last May, in Addis Ababa, I convened a meeting of Heads of African States and Governments. In three days, the thirty-two nations represented at that Conference demonstrated to the world that when the will and the determination exist, nations and peoples of diverse backgrounds can and will work together. in unity, to the achievement of common goals and the assurance of that equality and brotherhood which we desire.
On the question of racial discrimination, the Addis Ababa Conference taught, to those who will learn, this further lesson:
That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned:
That until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation;
That until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes;
That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race;
That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained;
And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed;
Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will; Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven;
Until that day, the African continent will not know peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are confident in the victory of good over evil.

His Imperial Majesty is not only speaking for Ethiopia, not only for Africa but for the whole world, for every single human being regardless of race, colour, sex or creed.

I cannot close this reasoning without quoting the MOST IMPORTANT WORDS of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie The First of this 1963 Speech the United Nations (i.e. the representation of nearly all the nations of the world and therefore every single human being on this planet earth):


To achieve this requires courage and confidence. The courage, I believe, we possess. The confidence must be created, and to create confidence we must act courageously.
The great nations of the world would do well to remember that in the modern age even their own fates are not wholly in their hands. Peace demands the united efforts of us all. Who can foresee what spark might ignite the fuse? It is not only the small and the weak who must scrupulously observe their obligations to the United Nations and to each other. Unless the smaller nations are accorded their proper voice in the settlement of the world's problems, unless the equality which Africa and Asia have struggled to attain is reflected in expanded membership in the institutions which make up the United Nations, confidence will come just that much harder. Unless the rights of the least of men are as assiduously protected as those of the greatest, the seeds of confidence will fall on barren soil.
The stake of each one of us is identical - life or death. We all wish to live. We all seek a world in which men are freed of the burdens of ignorance, poverty, hunger and disease. And we shall all be hard-pressed to escape the deadly rain of nuclear fall-out should catastrophe overtake us.
When I spoke at Geneva in 1936, there was no precedent for a head of state addressing the League of Nations. I am neither the first, nor will I be the last head of state to address the United Nations, but only I have addressed both the League and this Organization in this capacity.
The problems which confront us today are, equally, unprecedented. They have no counterparts in human experience. Men search the pages of history for solutions, for precedents, but there are none.

This, then, is the ultimate challenge. Where are we to look for our survival, for the answers to the questions which have never before been posed?
We must look, first, to Almighty God, Who has raised man above the animals and endowed him with intelligence and reason. We must put our faith in Him, that He will not desert us or permit us to destroy humanity which He created in His image.

And we must look into ourselves, into the depth of our souls. We must become something we have never been and for which our education and experience and environment have ill-prepared us. We must become bigger than we have been: more courageous, greater in spirit, larger in outlook. We must become members of a new race, overcoming petty prejudice, owing our ultimate allegiance not to nations but to our fellow men within the human community.” (http://chronological-speeches-of-him-qhs.blogspot.de/2014/10/0410-1-speech-of-day-address-to-united.html)

FINALIZING IN THIS SPIRIT IHI want to share a song of mine which IHI wrote for the exaltation and praise of the Holy Spirit, the Most IHI God and Christ – the Might of the (Holy) Trinity (i.e. His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie (whose 123rd birthday will be celebrated on the 23rd of July)). This song was also written for the encouragement of every single human being within the human community. Our destiny, aim and zeal (the summit which is destined for us by our Great Creator) is to become these very members of a New Race, where there will be no more pain und no more sorrow, no more first or second class citizens, but only ONE HUMAN FAMILY, "a world in which men are freed of the burdens of ignorance, poverty, hunger and disease." !!! Towards this goal is where each and every single one of us has the great responsibility to work towards to, each and every day in our life, no matter how seemingly hard or hopeless the times. Together we shall stand, divided we shall fall. Let us support and enrich each other, towards this very ultimative goal, IN THIS / HIS SPIRIT!!!

Let me close up with the following advice of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie The First, which he made on May 5th, 1957, on the occasion of the 16th Liberation Anniversary:

“From the day that We were elected by the Almighty to guide the destiny of Our people, and during the past sxteen years, all those of you to whom We have delegated power and appointed to various positions of trust in the service of Our people, should consider yourselves, like Us, equally divinely appointed. Oreover […] We have always reminded Our people that each and everyone should help and support Us to fulfill Our national objectives. Our happiness today must not be based primarily on material things or it would not be any different to animal satisfaction. Each one of you should endeavor to cooperate with Us to work selflessly for the development and prosperity of Our country Should you recognize that like Us you have been chosen to serve Us, you will do your duty to God and country, lest your conscience condemn you.” (http://chronological-speeches-of-him-qhs.blogspot.de/2015/05/0505-2-speech-of-day-on-occassion-of.html).

Heartical blessings and thanks to all those who inspired and strengthened so many (including myself) through their selfless efforts of brotherly / sisterly LOVE. JAH is LOVE (so) let us ALL LOVE !!! Amen.



"I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live:



And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this?" 
(John 11:25-26)




 IHIses - Imanuel IHI D

Tuesday, July 18, 2017

Rotary President-elect Sam F. Owori Dies!

Rotary International President-elect Sam F. Owori died unexpectedly on 13 July due to complications from surgery. Sam was a member of the Rotary Club Kampala, Uganda, for 38 years.


“Rotary has become a way of life for me – with the intrinsic value and core belief in mutual responsibility and concern for one another as a cornerstone,” Sam said when he was nominated last year. “I feel immense satisfaction knowing that through Rotary, I’ve helped someone live better.”
Sam's term as Rotary’s 108th president would have begun on 1 July 2018.
“Please remember Sam as the outstanding, hardworking Rotarian he was,” said Rotary International President Ian Riseley. “In this difficult time, I ask you to keep his wife, Norah, the Owori family, and Sam’s millions of friends around the world in your thoughts.”
Under Sam's leadership, the number of clubs in Uganda swelled from nine to 89 over the course of 29 years. 
Sam saw in Rotary members "an incredible passion to make a difference," and wanted to "harness that enthusiasm and pride so that every project becomes the engine of peace and prosperity."
Sam was the chief executive officer of the Institute of Corporate Governance of Uganda, whose mission is to promote excellence in corporate governance principles and practice in the region by 2020. Previously, he was executive director of the African Development Bank, managing director of Uganda Commercial Bank Ltd., and director of Uganda Development Bank.  He has also served as corporate secretary of the Central Bank of Uganda.
He served as member and chair of several boards including FAULU (U) Ltd., (now Opportunity Bank), the Uganda Heart Institute, the Centre for African Family Studies, Mulago Hospital Complex, Mukono Theological College, and the Kampala City Council.
Sam also was the vice chair of Hospice Africa Uganda, and board member and chair of the Audit Committee of PACE (Programme for Accessible Health, Communication, and Education) in Uganda.
“Sam was a special person in so many ways, and his unexpected death is a huge loss to Rotary, his community, and the world,” Riseley said. “We are establishing details on plans to celebrate his life as they become available.” 
Source: https://www.rotary.org/en/president-elect-sam-owori-dies

Thursday, July 13, 2017

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA


Definition and Introduction
Local government refers collectively to administrative authorities over areas that are smaller than a state. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government. "Local government" only acts within powers delegated to it by legislation or directives of the higher level of government. (Wikipedia Encyclopedia).

Common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village.

For administrative purposes, Tanzania is divided into regions; on the mainland, on Zanzibar, and on Pemba. Districts have been created to further increase local authority. These districts are also now referred to as local government authorities. The urban units are classified further as city, municipal, and town councils.

Historical Perspective of Local Government in Tanzania
The mainland Tanzania has a long history of functioning local government, starting with the Native Authorities Ordinance in 1926. There was a ten year break, as in 1972 the local government was abolished and replaced with a direct central government rule. The reintroduction of the local government occurred in the beginning of the 1980s (1982) when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government Elections took place in 1983 and the establishment of functioning councils in 1984. In 1993 the one-party political system was abandoned and replaced with a multi-party system of government, the first multi-party elections taking place in 1995. Following the liberalization of the political field, was a major public sector reform, which included a Local government Reform Programme (LGRP). The LGRP covered four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having over-riding powers within the framework of the Constitution.

This process of local government reform (already face out). It aims to promote democratic, accountable and autonomous local government authorities, with wide discretionary powers and a strong financial base.

In the case of Zanzibar, the 1964 revolution not only abolished the Monarchy but also did away with the separation of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, fusing all their functions into a revolutionary council. Since the promulgation of Zanzibar's first post-revolution constitution in 1979, Zanzibar has, however, passed various pieces of legislation on local government. At the moment, Zanzibar is developing a programme for local government with the assistance of the United Nations.

LEGAL FOUNDATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA
Local Government is a non-Union matter. It is nonetheless enshrined in the Union constitution as well as in the constitutions of the mainland and Zanzibar. In mainland Tanzania, the Constitution of the United Republic 1977, Articles 145 and 146 states that the National Assembly or the House of Representatives must provide for local government through legislation. Article 146 provides that one of the objectives of the local government is to enhance the democratic process within its area of jurisdiction and to apply the democracy for facilitating the expeditious and faster development of the people.

In relation to the local government in the mainland the main legislation are:
(a) The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977
(b) Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982
(c) Local Government Finance Act, 1982
(d) Urban Authorities (Rating) Act, 1983
(e) Regional Administration Act, 1997
(f) Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1999
(g) The Local Authorities Provident Fund Act (Act No. 6 of 2000)
(h) The Local Government Authorities (Decoration of Buildings) Act (Act No. 9 of 1968)
(i) The Regions and Districts (Establishment Procedure) Act (Act No. 12 of 1994)
Note: the Local Government Services Act 1982 has been repealed, recently.

In Zanzibar, the relevant part of the Constitution 1984 is Article 128. The main legislation regarding Local Government are:
(a) Zanzibar Municipal Council Act, 1995
(b) District and Town Councils Act, 1995
Note: The minister of state in the President's Office - Regional Administration and Local Governments (PO-RALG) is responsible for the administration of this legislation.

Aim of Local Government in Tanzania
Local Government Authorities exist for the purpose of consolidating and giving more power to the people to competently participate in the planning and implementation of development programmes within their respective areas and generally throughout the country. In modern nations, local governments usually have some of the same kind of powers as national governments do. For instance, they have some power to raise taxes, though these may be limited by central legislation.

FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
All Local Government Authorities are mandated to play three main functions; Article 146 (2) (a)-(c) i.e.;
(i) Maintenance of law, order and good governance
(ii) Promotion of economic and social welfare of the people in their jurisdiction  
(iii) Ensuring effective and equitable delivery of qualitative and quantitative services to the people within their areas of jurisdiction

In addition to the basic functions, all local governments are charged with seven other functions and duties, as follows: [Refer, Party V of the Local Government (District) Authorities Act].
(a) Formulation, coordination and supervision of the implementation of all plans for economic, industrial and social development in their areas of jurisdiction.
(b) Monitoring and controlling the performance of duties and functions of the council and its staff.
(c) Ensuring the collection and proper utilization of the revenues of the council
(d) Making by-laws applicable throughout their areas of jurisdiction, and considering and improving by-laws made by village councils within their areas of jurisdiction.
(e) Ensuring, regulating and coordinating development plans, projects and programmes of villages and township authorities within their areas of jurisdiction.
(f) Regulating and monitoring the collection and utilization of revenue of village councils and township authorities.
(g) Subject to the laws in force, doing all such acts and things as may be done by a people's government.

STRUCTURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
 Types of Local Government in Tanzania
Local Government Authorities are classified into two major categories;

(a) Urban authorities
They are responsible for the administration and development of urban areas ranging from townships, municipalities and Cities.

(b) Rural Authorities
They are commonly known as District Councils.
Note: the local government is divided into urban and rural authorities both on the mainland and Zanzibar. 

ON THE MAINLAND TANZANIA; urban authorities consist of city councils, municipal councils and town councils, whereas included in the rural authorities are the district councils with township council and village council authorities.

The district and urban councils have autonomy in their geographic area. District councils coordinate the activities of the township authorities and village councils, which are accountable to the district for all revenues received for day-to-day administration. The village and township councils have the responsibility for formulating plans for their areas.

In Zanzibar: urban authorities are made up of town councils and municipalities, while rural authorities comprise of district councils.

In both locations, below the local authorities there are a number of democratic bodies to debate local development needs. In the rural system, the hamlets (vitongoji), the smallest unit of a village, is composed of an elected chairperson who appoints a secretary and three further members all of whom serve on an advisory committee. In the Urban areas streets (mitaa) i.e. is the smallest unit within the ward of an urban authority.

Unlike suburbs (vitongoji), the Mtaa Committees have a fully elected membership comprising of a chairperson, six members and an executive officer. (Ref. Sections 16-19 of Local Government (Urban) Authorities Act.

A: RURAL (DISTRICT) LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
Local Government (District) Authorities Act of 1982 creates district based local government authorities in Tanzania. The Act provides, inter alia, the establishment, composition, functions and legislative powers of district, township councils and village authorities.

At the village level, the government structure is comprised of a village assembly consisting of all persons aged 18 and above. The corporate entity of a registered village is the village council comprising of a chairman or chairperson elected by the village assembly. There are also village committees covering such matters as planning, finance, economic affairs, social services, security, forest protection, water resources etc [Sections 146-147].

The village council's functions and roles include planning and coordinating activities, rendering assistance and advice to the villagers engaged in agriculture, forestry, horticultural, industrial or any other activity, and to encourage village residents to undertake and participate in communal enterprises. Propose by-laws must be adopted by the village assembly before being submitted to the District Council for approval [Section 169]. In addition, Section 29 of the Act provides for division of districts into wards. As an administrative subdivision between the village and the district, the ward reviews the proposed village council's projects in its jurisdiction and approves them for passage up the line to the District Development Committee.

Local Government (District) Authorities Act of 1982 as amended by Act No. 6 of 1999 establishes the Ward Development Council (hereinafter referred to as "WDC). The WDC is comprised of a councillor representing the ward in the District Development Council and chairpersons of all village councils within the ward. The WDC also includes member(s) of the district council, who ordinarily reside in the ward; and invitees from, for instance NGOs and other civic groups involved in the promotion of development in the ward. However, the invitees have no right to vote in the meetings. The WDC is responsible for developing general development plans for the ward. Further, the WDC must manage disasters and environmental related activities within its ward.

At the district level, there is a district council composed of members elected from each ward; members of parliament representing constituencies within the area of the district council; three members appointed by the minister responsible for the local government and one member representing the constituent village councils on a rotational basis. [Section 35(1), Act Number 7 of 1982].

District Councils; through the appropriate District Development Committee (hereinafter referred to as "the DDC") supervise the implementation of all plans for economic, commercial, industrial and social development in their respective areas. Also, the council approves by-laws made by the village councils and co-ordinates plans, projects and programmes for the villages within its area of jurisdiction. Apart from the DDC, there are other council committees. These committees are for finance, administration and planning; education, health and water; and economic affairs and environment.

B: URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act of 1982 [Act Number 8 of 1982] provides for the establishment, composition, functions and legislative powers of the urban based local government authorities (urban councils) in Tanzania. The urban council is comprised of the governing bodies for townships, municipalities and City Council (Commission).

Composition of a town council is provided for under section 24 of Act 8 of 1982. Township councils cannot have more than three members appointed by the local minister of government affairs. The council is comprised of members elected from the ward within the town and members of parliament representing constituents within the town [Section 24(1)]. The elected members then elect a chairman and vice-chairman for each town council.

A Municipal Council is made up of members elected from wards within the municipality; member of the parliament representing the constituencies within the municipality; not more than three (3) members appointed by the minister responsible for the local government affairs from among the residents of the municipality [Section 24(2)].

Section 8 and 25 (3) of Act No. 8 of 1982 provides for the establishment of City Councils. City councils are composed of one member elected form each wards within the city; the members of the Parliament representing constituencies within the area of the city council; and not more than three (3) members appointed from the residents of the city [section 24 (4)].

Each town council, municipal or city council has a Chairman, vice-chairman, Mayor and a Deputy Mayor respectively [Section 20]. The chairman and vice-chairman of a town council, and the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor of a municipal council and a city council, are elected by members of the councils from amongst the elected members of the urban authorities.

Section 47 of Act number 8 of 1982 provides for the establishment of the urban authorities committees who are in charge of finance and administration; economic affairs, health and education; and urban planning and environment. The city council shall establish such committees as may be determined by the minister in the order establishing it.

The objectives and functions of the urban authorities are provided for under PART V & VI of Act number 8 of 1982. These functions include: facilitating the maintenance of peace, order and good governance; and promoting the social welfare and economic well-being of the local community. Urban authorities are expected to further the social and economic development of their areas; take the necessary measures for the suppression of crimes and protection of public and private property; regulate and improve agriculture, trade, commerce and industry; further and enhance health, education, and the social, cultural and recreational life or of the people; and to eradicate poverty and distress.

Urban authorities may, subject to the consent of the proper officers pass applicable bylaws to their areas. [Sections 88-90 (1)] Urban authorities are required to give public notice to the local inhabitants of the intention to make the bylaws for comments [Section 90(1)]. After the expiration of the notice, the draft bylaws must be submitted to the Minister for approval and be gazetted.

It is important to note that the local governments are not replicated at the regional level. However, regional commissioners, secretaries and officials (who form Part of the regional administration), like the local governments, are responsible to the Minister for Local Government and Regional Administration. Normally, the regional authorities provide technical advice and support and exercise supervision to the District councils. Under section 12 of the Regional Administration Act, 1997 [Act No. 19/1997], it is provided that it shall be the duty of the Regional secretariat to facilitate the functions of the local government authorities within the region. However, the experience is that the regional administration can put heavy pressure on the local authorities and veto their development plans and programmes.

MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES ON THE TOPIC
Local Government Elections across the United Republic of Tanzania, elections to the local government are held every five years, under the first-past-the-post system with universal adult suffrage at 18. 

On the mainland Tanzania, chairpersons and mayors are indirectly elected by the elected members of their respective authorities. Village councils are elected by the village assembly comprising all adults over the age of 18.

The urban and district councils are made up of the members elected from each ward; the MPs representing the constituency, within which the urban area is situated and women members, appointed by the National Electoral Commission from the proposals submitted by the political parties in proportion to the number of elected positions held on the council (including MPs). The number of women appointed to the council is not less than one-third of ward representatives and the MPs combined.

Included in the membership of the city councils are all the Mayors from the urban authorities within its jurisdiction, all MPs representing constituencies within its area, at least two women MPs resident in the city and elected from the women in parliament, and three councillors from each urban council, one of whom must be a woman.

Township authorities encompass the chairperson of the 'vitongoji'(hamlets) with its area, not more than three members appointed by the district council, and women appointed according to political proportionality to make up at least one-third of the authority.

Village councils have between 15 and 25 members. These consist of a chairperson elected by the village assembly, all chairpersons of the vitongoji within its area and other members elected by the village assembly. Women must account for 25 % of the council members. The term of office for all councillors is five years.

Offices and Appointment
The head of the paid service is the District Executive Director in the district authorities and the Town/Municipal/City Director in the urban authorities. Typically, below the Director there are a number of Heads of Department. The Departments are many and may include the following: personnel and administration; planning and finance; engineering or works; education and culture; trade and economic affairs; urban planning; health and social welfare; co-operative, agriculture and livestock development; and community development.

Central government appoints the chief officers through the process of open bidding. City council directors are appointed by the president, while directors of town, municipal and district councils are appointed by the Minister. The Minister also appoints the heads of departments after a recruitment process.

The responsibility to recruit and dismiss senior officers is, at the moment, being devolved to local governments.

Decision Making Systems of Local Government: Residents' Participation
The most important, intended links between the local government and the residents of the given area are the vitongoji in the rural areas and the urban Mtaa committees, which are designed to mobilise citizen participation in local development.

Priorities for local service delivery and development projects are brought to the Mtaa committees for discussion before being forwarded to the Ward Development Committee (WDC). In the rural system proposals reach the WDC via the village council.     

In addition to the above, citizen participation in the local government decision-making is encouraged by the amendments to the Local Government (District Authorities) Act 1982, which provide for Councils to organise public hearings for people to question political leaders and staff. Councils have also been empowered to establish special kinds of service boards, open to all citizens in the area and providing an opportunity to influence service provision.

Participatory budget-making has also become a mean to increase resident participation. It is currently enabled by the bottom-up budgeting through the ward development committees and the democratic structures above them.

REVENUE:
Local authorities can also raise revenue locally. The main sources of local income come from:
(a) Fees including taxi registration, bus stand/station, forestry products, valuation, scaffolding, inoculation and ambulance
(b) Licences including road, liquor
(c) Property taxes and rents
(d) Charges including for refuse collection, cess, hire of vehicles, markets
(e) Fines
(f) Others including sale of assets and recovery of public fund.